58 files
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PID CONTROL
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A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller or three term controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated control. A PID controller continuously calculates an error value e(t){\displaystyle e(t)} as the difference between a desired setpoint (SP) and a measured process variable (PV) and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms (denoted P, I, and D respectively) which give the controller its name.
posted by Arun Gupta
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Chemical Kinetics
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Chemical kinetics is the study and discussion of chemical reactions with respect to reaction rates, effect of various variables, re-arrangement of atoms, formation of intermediates etc. There are many topics to be discussed, and each of these topics is a tool for the study of chemical reactions.
posted by Arun Gupta
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Chemical Reaction Engineering
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Chemical reaction engineering (reaction engineering or reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactor. Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reactor. Sometimes a reactor per se is not present by itself, but rather is integrated into a process, for example in reactive separations vessels, retorts, certain fuel cells, and photocatalytic surfaces. The issue of solvent effects on reaction kinetics is also considered as an integral part.
posted by Prashant Swami
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Furnaces and Refractories
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A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating. The name derives from Greek word fornax, which means oven. The heat energy to fuel a furnace may be supplied directly by fuel combustion, by electricity such as the electric arc furnace, or through induction heating in induction furnaces.
A refractory material is a material that retains its strength at high temperatures. ASTM C71 defines refractories as "...non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to environments above 1,000 °F (811 K; 538 °C)."
posted by Prashant Swami
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Shell and Tube type Heat Exchanger
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A shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs. It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical processes, and is suited for higher-pressure applications. As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids. The set of tubes is called a tube bundle, and may be composed of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc.
posted by Prashant Swami
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Waste Heat Recovery
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A waste heat recovery unit (WHRU) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from hot streams with potential high energy content, such as hot flue gases from a diesel generator or steam from cooling towers or even waste water from different cooling processes such as in steel cooling.
posted by Prashant Swami
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Oil Refinery Processes
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Oil refinary processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations.
Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.
posted by Prashant Swami
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Distillation
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Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collected.
Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is called double distillation. Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by liquefying components using changes in temperature and/or pressure.
A plant that performs distillation is called a distillery. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a still.
posted by Arun Gupta
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Cement Technology
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The course content will be suitable for a wide range of personnel within a cement manufacturing company including junior/middle management, technicians, production and control room staff, etc and also for others who wish to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complete cement manufacturing process.
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BOILER
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A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion and transfers heat to water until it becomes hot water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to a process.
Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When water is boiled into steam its volume increases about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment and should be treated carefully.
Liquid when heated up to the gaseous state this process is called evaporation.
The heating surface is any part of the boiler; hot gasses of combustion are on one side and water on the other. Any part of the boiler metal that actually contributes to making steam is heating surface. The amount of heating surface of a boiler is expressed in square meters. The larger the heating surface a boiler has, the more efficient it becomes.
posted by Arun Gupta
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Fuel And Combustion
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The various types of fuels like liquid, solid and gaseous fuels are available for firing in boilers, furnaces and other combustion equipments. The selection of right type of fuel depends on various factors such as availability, storage, handling, pollution and landed cost of fuel. The knowledge of the fuel properties helps in selecting the right fuel for the right purpose and efficient use of the fuel. The following characteristics, determined by laboratory tests, are generally used for assessing the nature and quality of fuels.
posted by Arun Gupta
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liquid liquid extraction
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Liquid–liquid extraction is also known as solvent extraction and partitioning is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
posted by Arun Gupta
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OPTIMIZATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
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OPTIMIZATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Chapter 1 : Overview of course
Chapter 2 : Developing models for optimization
Chapter 3 : Developing of Objective function
Chapter 4 : Basic concepts of Optimization
Chapter 5 : One dimensional search
Chapter 6 : Unconstrained Multivariable optimization
Chapter 7 : Linear programing
Chapter 8 : Non Linear programing with constraints
Chapter 9 : Mixed Initiger programing
Appendix_A
Thx to Smita for sharing these files
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Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Systems (Saturation, Condensation, Vaporization)
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Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Systems (Saturation, Condensation, Vaporization)
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P PI PID CONTROLLER BEHAVIOUR BY MATLAB.
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THIS FILE IS USEFUL TO HAVE A BASIC IDEA OF P,PI AND PID CONTROLLER. I HAD EXPLAINED THESE CONTROLLERS BY USING SOFTWARE MATLAB.
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What is Chemical Engineering & difference from chemical process
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What is Chemical Engineering & difference from chemical process
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